1. The History Of The Black People Of South Africa Is...

1. The history of the Black people of South Africa is currently and scientifically reported to extent back to some of the oldest human species on Earth. For example, 2.5 million years of human evolution occurred on the territory of South Africa. Approximately, 125,000 years ago the modern human era developed around the Klasies River Caves, a region in the Eastern Cape of South Africa in the Middle Stone Age. The hunter-gathers San and pastoral herders Khoikhoi people developed in the Middle Paleolithic in northwestern area of South Africa. Eventually, populations of Bantu-speaking people migrated from interior regions of West Africa started approximately 1000 BCE to settle in South Africa. In the 19th century abundant of diamonds,†¦show more content†¦Biko’s father was employed as a police officer and later a clerk in the King William’s Town Native Affairs office. Mzingaye Biko attempted to earn a correspondence law degree from the University of South Afr ica, but could not complete the course requirements before his early death in 1950. Biko’s mother was a domestic worker in White households and then a cook at Grey’s hospital in King William s Town. After her husband sudden death, Nokuzola Biko had difficult duty of raising their children on a diminished income and in the inhumane apartheid system of South Africa. Nonetheless, his parents, especially his mother, instill the important of becoming an excellent student and attain higher education for upper class mobility and economic advancement. In 1952, Steve Biko attended St Andrews Primary School and Charles Morgan Higher Primary School, he was well-known as very intelligent student who was allowed to skip the 4th grade. He was known to assist his classmates with their school work when they needed it. In 1963, he attended Forbes Grant Secondary and was an excellent student in mathematics and English studies, and developed himself as one of the best student i n the school examinations. In 1964, he was given bursary to attend the prestigious Lovedale Boarding School to award his advanced intelligent and academic accomplishment. Biko was expelled a few months after entrance in Lovedale Boarding School withShow MoreRelatedThe Current State Of South Africa1175 Words   |  5 PagesBACKGROUND ON SOUTH AFRICA 1. South Africa was called the hopeless continent 16 years ago. Much of the negative world view stemmed from wounds created by government supported racial segregation which continues to affect South Africa’s economy today; however, the abundant resources and potential economic growth of this country should not be overlooked. Despite wounds from its past South Africa has a wealth of resources which make it an important country to the world and to the United States. South Africa’sRead MoreOverview of South Africa1260 Words   |  6 PagesSouth Africa as the name sounds is located at the south side of Africa (CIA). It is about the size of Columbia (CIA). A country that rest between two great oceans, South Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean. Being partially surrounded; West, East and South, by water. It is regarded as the 25th largest nation in the world with a population of 48.6 million people (CIA). The average temperature for the country is warm, in the winter it’s dry and sunny, and in the summer it’s wet, rainy. The country is aRead MoreWaiting A Minute Trs, By Christopher Columbus1640 Words   |  7 Pagestagging it with the phrase â€Å"Black Lives Matter.† - via WCVB Channel 5 Boston I know, I know; we re only supposed to have to deal with this orgy of self-hating SWPL signaling once a year, but we appear to have had a little misfire in the afterglow of #TakeDownTheFlag and the cavalcade of conservatives willfully denouncing Confederate heritage. Really, it should come as no surprise then that in the wake of recent vandalism of white statuary, whether in the South or South Africa, that Christopher ColumbusRead MoreSlavery Of Americ Past And Present1441 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica’s history is often unspoken, misunderstand, overlooked or flat ignored at this day and time. Socially the ramifications of these deplorable practices still hinder African Americans and other races in various ways from the destruction of families, annihilation of cultures (forced to take slave masters’ names, language and religion) and self-hate which is a reflection from Machiavellianism infused propaganda tools used to mentally break those who are enslaved. Societies throughout history have risenRead MoreGrowing Field Of Prostitution And Prostitution1323 Words   |  6 Pagesexisted for about 2000 years. Throughout the history of humankind, there were many attempts to eliminate prostitution, but no one could stop prostitution. Prostitution is one of the main survival methods for women who don’t have income to support themselves. As long as there is poverty, prostitution will exist forever. Prostitution is not only about women, but also it is about men. Also, prostitution is related to morality because when it comes to money, people are ready to do anything. Besides, someRead More Reparations to Descendants of Slaves Should Have Ceased Long Ago1464 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Civil War. Free blacks and enslaved blacks are accredited with building a nation on their backs, that is not so; America was built on the backs of the heroic men who served in the American Revolution and the victorious soldiers who reconciled a broken country after the Civil War. Reparations cannot be paid to those whom it is not owed. America has been heavily criticized for quietly supporting slavery in the North and celebrating the institution of slavery in the South. It seems quite puzzlingRead MoreThe Naked Man of Steel by Angus Taylor Essay1680 Words   |  7 PagesTHE NAKED MAN OF STEEL In 2006, Angus Taylor, a South African sculptor, created a giant carbon steel statue of a naked black man (Froud, 2011). The artwork was named ‘Positive’ (Fig 1). The origin and meaning behind this name will be revealed further on in the essay. The statue caused varied reactions in three different locations, namely on the campus of the University of Potchefstroom, in front of a Strand apartment block and finally a farm in the middle of the Karoo. There were some harsh reactionsRead MoreEssay about South Sudan: On the Brink of Collapse1533 Words   |  7 PagesSouth Sudan South Sudan has only been independent since 2011, yet it is on the brink of collapse. Why is this happening? The country has abundant resources (Sarwar 177; Ploch 16) and has gained independence after decades of conflict (Sarwar 172-174). To begin to understand the situation, the original history of Sudan must be examined (Zambakari 516; Jok 69). Its place in the African continental history is important as well because most of the continent developed under colonialism. The independenceRead MoreThe Epidemic Of The Bubonic Plague1226 Words   |  5 PagesEpidemiology The prevalence of disease in the thirteenth century was very common in Europe,and Africa, later on spread to parts of Asia. Currently the bubonic is not that common but is still infecting a small portion of the earth. The Bubonic Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia Pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small animals and their fleas. It is transmitted between animals and humans by the bite of infected fleas, direct contact, inhalation and rarely, ingestionRead MoreThe Acceptance of Homosexuality in South Africa Essay2308 Words   |  10 PagesThe Acceptance of Homosexuality in South Africa For hundreds of years South Africa has endured a constant power struggle, oppression under the apartheid government, the AIDS epidemic and homophobia. Internationally there are currently four countries that permit same-sex marriages, which include the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium and Canada. Even though homosexuality remains largely taboo in South Africa, the country is taking steps towards overall equality and improved human rights allowing such unions

Sea World Free Essays

Sea World Did you ever wish that something amazing would occur in your life, and when your wish is fulfilled, the outcome is better than you imagined? Well ,welcome to my stunning story about my adventurous trip to the Orlando’s Sea World Water Park†¦.. The day begun just fine. We will write a custom essay sample on Sea World or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was ten years old and it was a few days after I arrived in Florida. It was summer, in the year 2009 and my cousins and I were very bored. Before I arrived in Florida, my aunt promised me that she would have taken me somewhere, but she wasn’t sure where as yet. A few minutes later, my older cousin- Que wanner arrived from work, exclaiming that she got free tickets to Sea World. Hearing about it all the time and watching the advertisements on the television, I was really anxious! â€Å"When are we going Que wanner? †, I asked, curiously. â€Å"How about we go now! † she replied. â€Å"Ye aah! † I screamed, ambivalently. I ran to my closet and took out: a pink strapless top,white short shorts, my new swimsuit, my towels and my pink and white hi-top sneakers. After packing my bag, I scampered down the stairs. Everyone was ready except mom. She was having trouble with finding her swimsuit. Five minutes later, we were on our way to Sea World. We laughed and sang until we arrived at the amazing place. I could smell the fresh aromatic scent of the fresh water-park as I stepped out of the car. I heard the birds chirping, a patter and the trees danced with the cool breeze. The first thing I saw, was a huge roller coaster extending over a small building in the sky, that seemed like a mini tower. The water park was colorful and everything was in order. As we were about to enter the building, there was an anile lady shouting and she created a big scene in front of a group of men. I think she was a bit of a coquette. Anyways we continued to enter the park. First, we visited the zoo. There were a lot of cameras flashing, as the different animals posed. We visited the tiger, the zebras,polar-bears,lions,snakes, ,stingrays and other animals. My cousin, a future veterinarian was overwhelmed with joy. After seeing that, we couldn’t wait to explore the rest of the park. Secondly,we entered a building with a big aquarium roof and information about rocks made of limestone,and other information about the animals in the aquarium. The building was really pretty ; I couldn’t wait to explore more! Third, we we went back outside. We were trying to decide where to visit next but the park was filled with different â€Å"catchy† attractions which made it hard to decide. I saw a big blue roller coaster that shaped like a stingray and a sign-Manta was printed on it. â€Å"Can we try that one? † my cousin Alyssa asked. â€Å"You guys can go but I’m not coming! † mom said nervously. â€Å"Are you scared ! † we teased her. My aunt, my cousins and I headed to the ride. Grandma and mom were sitting on a bench waiting. We walked briskly to the ride and it was also filled with a big aquarium roof, with real animals. At the door,there was a lady checking if we were at the average height to enter to the ride. As we stepped up, she said my aunt,my cousin-David and I were great, but Alyssa didn’t make it to the average height. Disappointed, we walked Alyssa back to the bench, and tried to catch the ride. We sat in seats that were set in a horizontal order. It left within five seconds. As my first roller coaster, I was nervous. It carried us all the way in the sky,in the water, then diagonally back into the sky. It ended within one minute. I couldn’t wait to race back and tell mommy and grandma about the excitement and the joy I felt on the ride. After talking, we left the park for twenty minutes and went to the nearest Wendy’s Restaurant to eat. After eating, we returned to the park. We went on the simulator ride which welcomed relaxation and comfort. Then we went on a water slide which was quite risky, but fun. The place was getting really dark, it was 5:42. My aunt said that we would have to leave soon because the park closes at 6:00. We saw a sign that said a show by the famous whale- Shamu. We went into the building and there was a very big pool with deep water and some divers with buckets filled with dead, raw fishes. They were feeding dolphins and whales. As we were watching the show, I observed that the whale-Shamu, was pretty amazing, friendly and he was famous. The audience was cheering as he performed some cool tricks, which entertained me a lot. When the show was over, we were all tired but disappointed because we had to leave . Sea World Water park is the best water park I have ever visited! If I were to recommend a water park to a friend ,or a place to just relax and have some fun, I would really go for Sea World Water Park! MY WONDERFUL TRIP TO SEA WORLD Name:Celine DeCambre How to cite Sea World, Essay examples

Genetically Engineered Food Essay Example For Students

Genetically Engineered Food Essay Millions of people all over the planet suffer from poverty and starvation. One very interesting but experimental solution to the problem of world hunger is genetically engineered food. The process involves the crossbreeding of crops in a laboratory with species that are not plant like. Say for example, that a scientist crossed a fish and a potato. The diversity of this gene mixture is supposed to give this hybrid crop special characteristics like resistance to disease, the ability to deal with extreme environmental situations, and much higher crop yields at harvest time. The production of genetically enhanced food is considered a radical approach to dealing with the world hunger crisis. Critics of gene refined food believe that tampering with the natural order of environmental evolution can be potentially dangerous. There is an uncertainty about the effects that chemical experimenting could have on non-target species (http://www.globalissues.org/EnvIssues/GEFood/IsGEFoodSafe.asp). Me aning that scientists fear that extracting genes that perform an apparently useful function as part of a plant or animal may not have the same effects if inserted into a totally unrelated species. These potentially dangerous mixes could create deformed, mutant like crops and animals. The effects that such altered species could have on the environment and peoples overall health is uncertain. Though the process has been proven successful in the lab, many experts feel that serious precautionary measures should be taken before genetically engineered food is mass-produced and sold on the open market. Politics act as the major obstacle in the way of genetically engineered food production. The fact is that legal advances such as copy writes and distribution need to be taken care of first. Despite the advances in genetic food, some forms of these foods still need the aid of pesticides, which are harmful to the soil and insect life. The old saying, Time is money can be used to explain why it may be unlikely that these foods will ever make the mainstream market. The red tape surrounding the issue makes the idea of production unattractive to companies who may be interested in investing. Trying to back the production of genetically engineered food would be a bad business move because it is too difficult to get past government health regulations. It would take too long maybe years before bankers would receive returns on their investments.Most analysts of gene enhanced food believe that it is unnecessary to take such an extreme step toward solving world hunger. Actually they think that this is the wrong solution all together. Even though global food output is adequate to feed the entire worlds population, 800 million people are going hungry because they cannot afford to buy food (http://www.christian-aid.org.uk/reports/suicide/biotechnology.html). Meaning that there is already enough food to feed the world. The solution to world hunger is to revamp the world economy and hel p third world countries out of debt. This way they will be able to afford to buy food for themselves without the aid of other countries. That makes sense because most third world countries wont be able to afford genetically engineered food either.Give a man a fish; you have feed him for today. Teach a man to fish; and you have fed him for a lifetime.-Old Chinese Proverb. I think that this embodies the basic idea of genetically engineered food. I think that scientist want to create a surplus of food in the world. This could result in lower food prices. Maybe then people from third world countries will be able to afford the food. Im not sure what to think of the whole thing but I thought that the articles I read were interesting. I felt like I was reading something straight out of a science fiction novel. I understand the skepticism of gene enhanced foods but I think the idea of trying to feed the whole planet is a noble one. .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b , .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b .postImageUrl , .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b , .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b:hover , .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b:visited , .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b:active { border:0!important; } .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b:active , .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u707d2c93756035fd92dd1387bf379c4b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Economic Perspectives On The Internet Essay

Ufos (416 words) Essay Example For Students

Ufos (416 words) Essay UfosUnidentified flying objects and aliens can be proven through eyewitness accounts or encounters. On of the most common case would be the case of the Hills (Butler, 1). Returning to N. H., the hills had notices a strange light in the sky. Barney stopped the car, went out to observed the moving lights. He came to the conclusion of the lights being an airplane, a star or a plant. AS they continued their ride the lights remained with them. That took away the idea that the object was a star or a planet. We will write a custom essay on Ufos (416 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now When the object drew closer, Betty looks at it and saw the shape of a disk like figure. That took a way the idea of it being an airplane, so they got out of the car to get a better look. At one point, the object got so close that Barney could see several beings staring down a pond them. He lost control and shouted out ?they are going to capture us? (2). They raced back to the car and took off unable to explain what had just happened. The next thing that happened was that they heard a couple of beeps like a microwave oven going off. The next day Barney had notice some unexplained blotches on the car. Later on that day the Hills realized they could not account for two hours and thirty-five miles of their journey. They begin to have stress problems. They could not explain what Betty was having strange dreams about being taken in to a room and being looked at by strange little beings. After that they begin to see many doctors. After a while their story had been put together in the little pieces that they had been telling it in. The story that was formed was that how their car was stopped by a group of strange looking men with pear shape heads and large wrapped around eyes. Then by force they were carried on to the ship onto separate rooms. Then they were given different test. Some of the test includes taking skin and hair samples. While inside Betty remember seeing a star map (3). Later on the map was identified as the Zeta Reticule system. This proves that UFOs and aliens are real because when explaining what had happen they were both in separate rooms under hypnotist ion. And also their was no was to explain the lost in the time or the marks on the body and the car.

TLM or Teaching Learning Materials Definition

TLM or Teaching Learning Materials Definition In the field of education, TLM is a commonly used acronym that stands for teaching/learning materials. Broadly, the term refers to a spectrum of educational materials that teachers use in the classroom to support specific learning objectives, as set out in lesson plans. These can be games, videos, flashcards, project supplies, and more. Classroom teaching that uses only a teacher lecturing the class, perhaps writing on the chalkboard or whiteboard, is the classic example of not using any TLM. Using TLM can greatly assist students in the learning process. Examples of Teaching/Learning Materials Activity-based learning employs a variety of teaching/learning materials and focuses on student interaction to learn new concepts. Context-specific learning materials enhance the process. Story Books Story books make great teaching-learning materials. For example, a middle school teacher can use a book like The Hatchet by Gary Paulson, a gripping story of a boy, 13, who finds himself alone in a desolate wooded area in Canada, with only a hatchet (a gift from his mother) and his wits to help him survive. A teacher can read this book to the class as a whole, then have students write a brief essay summarizing the book and explaining what they thought of the story. And at the elementary school level, book reports provide a great way to have students engage with the books they read, either individually or together with the class. Manipulatives Manipulatives are physical items such as gummy bears, blocks, marbles, or even small cookies, that assist student learning. Manipulatives are especially helpful in the younger primary grades, where students can use them to help solve subtraction and addition problems. Samples of Student Writing Having students write can be an effective teaching method. But students often have difficulty thinking of topics. Thats where student writing prompts can be useful. Writing prompts are brief partial sentences designed to help spark student writing, such as The person I admire the most is...   or My biggest goal in life is... Just be sure to give students the parameters of the assignment, such as a single paragraph for younger pupils or a full, multi-page essay for older students. Videos In the current digital age, there are plenty of websites that offer free educational videos for kids. Videos provide real, visual images that can help enliven learning, but you need to be careful to choose videos that have real educational value. Websites that offer free learning videos include the Khan Academy, which offers videos on basic and advanced math, English grammar and literature, science, and even SAT preparation. Games Games can be useful in teaching students everything from money and grammar to social skills. Sight words bingo, for example, can help students learn their basic sight words, but there are also relatively inexpensive bingo games that teach money skills, Spanish, telling time, and even English grammar. More active, outside games such as basketball or kickball can help students learn social skills, such as taking turns, sharing, working as a team, and being a good loser or gracious winner. Flashcards Even in this age of computers and internet-based learning materials, flashcards can be particularly useful for students with learning disabilities such as dyslexia. Printing high-frequency words, also known as sight words, on the front of flashcards with short definitions on the back can create a good learning tool for students who have auditory or visual learning styles. Model Clay Younger students, such as those in kindergarten through third grade, can learn using model clay. For example, a teacher might have young students make letters of the alphabet using clay. But you can also use clay to teach concepts to older students. Teachers have been known to use model clay to teach plate tectonics, the theory of how the Earths surface behaves. Overhead Projector Transparencies In this modern age, dont forget about the value of old-fashioned overhead transparencies. A teacher can use overhead projector transparencies to teach counting skills, such as for numbers up to 100, and visually demonstrate how charts and graphs work. Better even than a whiteboard or blackboard, transparencies allow you or students to write numbers, create problems, circle, and highlight features and easily wipe away markings with a paper towel or tissue. Computer Software and Apps Plenty of learning computer software is available online. Interactive software programs can help English language learners study grammar and other elements of the English language. And apps, such as for tablet computers and even smartphones, offer instruction in everything from foreign languages to information on the Common Core Standards as well as university-level lectures and lessons for students- many of the apps are free. Visual Aids Visual aids can be teaching tools designed for the entire classroom, such as posters showing basic site words, class rules, or key concepts about important holidays or lessons. But they can also be used the help students individually, particularly visual learners or those having difficulty organizing their work or their thoughts. Graphic organizers, for example, are charts and tools used to visually represent and organize a students knowledge or ideas. Graphic organizers can help students learn math and they are good tools for teaching special education students and English language learners.

A Freedom Writer Toast For Change English Literature Essay

A Freedom Writer Toast For Change English Literature Essay A Freedom Writer named Maria entered class during the Toast for Change and was the first person to declare what she wanted to change in her life. Maria didn’t want to end up pregnant at fifteen like her mother, end up in prison like her father, or wind up dead at the age of eighteen like her cousin. She wanted a clean slate, and a bright future, but she didn’t want to start by reading Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl. Maria felt she couldn’t relate to Anne Frank, and on top of that she hated reading. Ms. Gruwell believed Maria would find herself within the pages of the book, and Maria wanted to prove her wrong. So one night as she read about Anne and the hardships she endured while living in the attic she realized Ms. Gruwell had been right! Anne and Maria have a lot of things in common. Even though Anne wasn’t Latina, and didn’t grow up in the same neighborhood as Maria, these two girls faced both discrimination based on the way they looked. After Maria finished the book Ms. Gruwell began to notice changes within her student. She had a better attitude in class, more focused on her studies, and became more interested in class material. # 2 In the fall of 1995, a freedom writer was sent on a mission by her family. Her goal is to defend her own against and testify against a rival gang member. This young woman was a witness to a murder committed by her friend Paco. A rival gang member sat on the opposite side of the court room falsely accused of the murder. She was always taught to protect her family no matter the circumstances. Her mind should have been made up, lie and go home, but as she sat on the witness stand two natures were at war inside of her, good and evil. The good nature told her to do what is right and tell the truth, the evil nature kept chanting protect your own and send an innocent man to prison. The decision had not been so easy anymore and someone made what Paco thought would be a smooth trial into someth ing her family and friends never thought could happen. On the opposite side of the court room, sat the rival gang members family. Her eyes gazed over their faces, almost all were filled with anger except one. A woman the author described as being strong with tears in her eyes. Out of all the faces in the court room this one was familiar. The strong woman with tears in her eyes resembled all the author and her mother went through when her father was on trial. She saw her mother and herself in the woman’s shoes, and a flashback of the day her father was sent to prison. At that moment she knew what she had to do. It frightened her because this was not part of the plan, if she did what was right the mission would not be accomplished and the one principal that held her family together would be shattered. The image of her mother gave her the power to end the fight between right and wrong. In this court room she realized the power she possessed. She could give this woman what was de nied to her mother so long ago, the truth and her family.

Victimless crimes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Victimless crimes - Research Paper Example Victimless crimes include such activities as; prostitution, abortion, drug use, gambling, assisted suicide, not wearing a seatbelt, consumption of pornography among others. In some circumstances, the crime is an individual act such as not wearing a seatbelt and sometimes it involves consent by two or more adults to commit a criminal offense such as prostitution in which no other person is involved hence are referred as consensual crimes (Fernandez, 11). Although they are considered victimless, the persons involved are harmed in one way or another hence it is considered a serious public health issue which should be dealt with. Criminalization of victimless crimes has often been considered as a waste of state resources as the desired effects are in most cases not achieved. Hardaway Robert argues that the costs involved far outweigh the benefits since the results are counterproductive. For example, the war on drugs has done little to curb drug abuse as US comprises 5% of world populatio n and consumes 50% of cocaine produced not forgetting the ruined lives of those incarcerated (7). He also notes that Netherlands has the lowest abortion rate in the world despite legalizing abortion whereas Romania has the highest abortion rate in Europe despite its criminalization policies. Richards (1218) also notes that the moral arguments advanced by the proponents of criminalization do not hold any ground as they are contestable. This paper will discuss the legislations passed pertaining to criminalization and legalization of victimless crimes as well as the harms and benefits of such legislations. Left to act like a free market without any form of government interference, victimless crimes can lead to health problems for the individuals involved as well as costs to the society as a whole hence minimal intervention is required to correct failures and achieve public order. History of Victimless Crimes The issue of victimless crimes arose with the prohibition of alcohol and tobac co. The 18th amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, import and export of alcohol for beverage use (Fernandez, 14). Alcoholic beverages are consumed widely and prohibition thus resulted in search for illegal means of satisfying their needs. Illegal taverns were therefore set up to manufacture the illicit beverages in uncontrolled manner leading to loss of lives, blindness and increased violence. Legitimate brewers were kicked out of the market and the price of the product escalated as the mafia class emerged which controlled the trade. To be able to purchase the illegal drink in the black market, some users resulted to crime hence the growth of organized crime in the US (20). Violence also increased as gangs fought for the control of the lucrative business. Corruption was also evident as government officers aided cartels to operate their illegal businesses without interruptions. Violent criminals were handed down reduced sentences to allow space for convicts of alcohol Due to th ese negative consequences; the amendment was repealed in 1933. According to Friedman (445), in the early days, prostitution was not criminalized. However, owning a brothel was considered a crime. Adultery on the other hand, was a crime that attracted corporal punishment (Gaines & LeRoy, 5). Fornication was

Annotated Bibliography on Mark Twain's The War Prayer

On Mark Twain's The War Prayer - Annotated Bibliography Example John Trombold is a multiple contributor, and uses this essay to attack the American concepts of Manifest Destiny. The work is a public plea calling for Americans to educate themselves as to the reasoning behind constant war waging. The source is recent, published in 2006, and poignantly reviews historical facts from the American World Wars up to and including our current military occupation in Iraq, and Afghanistan. This resource would not be a significant contributor to an essay on Mark Twains work, "The War Prayer." The majority of the content is given to out of date American political policy as it was created by Theodore Roosevelt. Trombold attacks Roosevelt for openly lying to the public about the need for a war and for using the American peoples trust to futher his own financial gains. The source neither supports nor weakens Mark Twain's "The War Prayer." The essay asks the American reader of 2008 to think instead how our foreign policies should differ from that of Roosevelt's traditional war hungry America. In this critical analysis of Mark Twain essays, author David Zmijeski details how Twain was commissioned by the American Government as a political, and literary advocate in favor of America's attempts to annex and acquire the Sandwich Islands. The article gives a detailed account of exactly how/why/when Mark Twain openly supported the idea of increasing trade and acquiring land from Hawaii, and mainland China. This article is scholarly in nature, written exclusively for the Hawaiian Journal of History, and republished with permission in 2007. The Journal began in 1967 and publishes articles and essays exclusively about the history and legacy of the Pacific Islands. Zmijewski bases his essay on factual correspondence written by Mark Twain to the American government about the Polynesian and Sandwich Islands. Mark Twain is quoted often as adamantly advocating for less military and political American presence around the world, yet Zmijewski displays for the reader multiple correspondences in which Twain supports the opening of free trade with the Hawaiian Islands and calls for an American Military presence of some sort. The Hawaiian Journal releases the records and Zmijewski uses Twain's own writing to contradict his longtime opposition of American foreign involvement. This particular article would be of great interest and support to a paper on Mark Twain's the War Prayer. It is one of the few works that documenting the hidden dichotomy between what Twain privately believes in and what he asks the American public to believe. The great American master is caught denouncing Westward Expansion on one hand while simultaneously calling for financial and military support to acquire Hawaii on the other. Caplan, David. "That Grotesque and Laughable Word": Rethinking Patriotism in Time of War." Virginia Quarterly Review 83 (2007): 139-51. November 20th 2008. This journal article by David Caplan

Implement person centred approaches Essay Example for Free

Implement person centred approaches Essay 1.1 Define person-centred values Person-centred is about providing care and support that is centred or focused on the individual and their need There are eight person centred values that support person-centred care and support: Individuality, Independence, Privacy, Choice, Dignity, Rights 1.2 Explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person centred values. Taking into account person centred values, rather than imposing my own choices on them and taking away their own right to independence and choice. It is important to do this as person centred approaches, policies and procedures, as well as care practices should always put the people whom we support at the centre of the day-to-day activities, as well as including the residents and their families in the planning and maintaining of this. 1.3 Explain why risk-taking can be part of a person centred approach. Risk-taking means being aware of the potential hazards, but still carrying on with the activity. Risk Assessment Processes include: visual check, recorded risk assessments. If you were no longer allowed to take risks that means you can’t progress in anything. Risk is about learning! Your inner questions. Can I do it? Can I REALLY do it? To take risk is all about challenge! 1.4 Explain how using an individual’s care plan contributes to working in a person centred way It is document where day to day requirements and preferences for care and support are detailed. Using an individuals care plan where own needs and wishes are being met, rather than offering them a choice of what is available. Using their care plan, you can build on what they want and see where there are gaps that need to be addressed. 3.1 Explain the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support. Consent is agreement to an action i.e. in social care agreeing to a bath or a shower, to medication, agreement to have details shared with others. Lack of consent could be construed as abuse i.e. forcing an  individual to have a shower when they have not agreed. Consent can be in different forms like Verbal written via a representative or advocate. It is important to establish consent because it is a basic human right for everyone to have the choice. 3.3 Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established. Steps to take when consent cannot be established include, not continuing with the task, reporting to the supervisor or manager, recording the information 4.1 Describe how active participation benefits an individual. Active participation is a way of working that recognises an individual’s right to participate in the activities and relationships of everyday life as independently as possible. 4.2 Identify possible barriers to active participation. Barriers include: lack of opportunity, lack of events, lack of staff, unwillingness of residents, and lack of confidence. Ways of encouraging residents include: discussion and encouragement with the individual, providing useful information, using friends and family to encourage, ensuring appropriate activities, peer-group encouragement, persuasion techniques, highlighting the benefits of the activity 5.3 Explain why a worker’s personal views should not influence an individual’s choices. A personal view should not influence individual choices as everyone is an individual in their own right and therefore should be able to make their own choices as their interest would be different to a staff. 5.4 Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that are made by others. Different approaches for individual, discussion, providing relevant, information, guidance from friends or family using an advocate or support service. We can also challenge decision where we can encourage questions and comments, be prepared to listen, assist the individual to ask for a second opinion, speak  to/refer the individual to a senior member of staff, use the complaints procedure 6.1 Explain how individual identity and self esteem are linked with well-being Well-being may include aspects that are: Spiritual Emotional Cultural Religious Social – Political Sexual Physical – Mental. Individual identity and self-esteem are linked with well-being as everyone has their own interests and what one person may find interesting another person may not find interesting, for example, some residents like gardening and some don’t and we should never force anyone to do what they don’t like or don’t want to do. 6.2 Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s well-being Attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s well-being include: being treated as an Individual, dignity respect, choices and good communication. It can also be environmental which includes physical environment bedroom, handbag, personal belongings, and social environment personal boundaries, subjective feelings.

Sophocles Antigone - Antigone and Creon, the Powerful Protagonists Es

The Two Protagonists of Antigone In the classic model of dramatic structure, two characters move the action of the play from introduction to climax to resolution with their conflict. One of these characters is the protagonist; the other is the antagonist. The protagonist is generally regarded as the "good guy," and the antagonist is the "bad guy." In Sophocles' play Antigone, the lines between protagonist and antagonist are blurred. In the Greek tradition, the title character is the protagonist, but in this play, the supposed antagonist Creon also displays characteristics of the protagonist. Webster's Dictionary defines protagonist as "one who takes the leading part in a drama; hence, one who takes lead in some great scene, enterprise, conflict, or the like." At a cursory glance, Antigone seems to best fit this description. Her actions and the following consequences certainly form the plot of the play. She first decides to bury her dead brother in violation of Creon's edict. When soldiers of Thebes unbury the body, she returns to bury it a second time. She is caught in the act and brought before Creon, who sentences her to die. She commits suicide in prison as a final attempt to thwart Creon's plans. ontigone's refusal to leave her brother's body unburied even after she has buried it once reveals her stubborn streak, a common trait among protagonists. The fact that Creon is on his way to release her from jail when her dead body is discovered is yet another example of stubbornness. She will not give in to adversity or strife under any circumstances, which is both admirabl e and, in the case of Antigone, fatal. Creon is portrayed as a strict leader who believes in adherence to his laws over those of the gods. He is not... ...he plot, and Creon directs the consequences. Antigone has conflict with Creon the antagonist, and Creon has conflict with Antigone the antagonist. Antigone dies a tragic death because of her flaws, and Creon realizes his mistakes and suffers greatly because of his flaws. Both Creon and Antigone are protagonists. They are both main characters who are essential to the plot, and they both maintain the traditional role. Sophocles may not have intended audiences to see both characters as protagonists, but that is the logical conclusion. Now, if one were to ask for the real antagonist to come forward, one would most likely realize that the real antagonists were forward already. Works Cited: Sophocles. Antigone. Trans. Robert Fagles. Literature and the Writing Process. Elizabeth McMahan, Susan X. Day, and Robert Funk. 6th. ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice, 2002.

God’s Expectations for the Kings of Israel and Judea Essay

When the children of Israel demanded a King, God warned them that a king would exploit them. In demanding a king, the people rejected God (I Samuel 8: 10-17). Judges were charismatic individuals chosen to deal with crises confronting the 12 tribes. The fear was that they this did not provide stable leadership. God then allowed Saul to become king. Saul ruled from about 1020 to 1000, then lost God’s blessing. He disobeyed God’s instruction to destroy the Amalekites, so God withdrew the spirit from him (I Samuel 18: 10). God took the notion of kingship and placed high expectations on those who ruled. Other nations saw kings as Gods. Biblical kings were to serve God and God’s people, shepherding the people (Ezekiel 34: 1). The command to rule justly runs through the Bible, as does the command not to exploit the people or to worship false Gods. God and the Biblical kings are both described as Shepherds. David, who succeeded Saul, enjoyed an eternal covenant with God, 2 Samuel 7: 16. God promised to regard David’s son as if he were God’s own son. David and Solomon, his son, ruled justly. David was not allowed to build the Temple due to his act of adultery (2 Samuel II: 4). Solomon, who asked only for wisdom to rule well, not for personal gain, built the temple. His sons, Jeroboam and Rehoboam rebelled, splitting the kingdom. Jeroboam ruled Israel (North), Rehoboam Judea (South). Their descendants were judged good or bad depending on whether they imitated David and ruled justly or worshipped false Gods, exploited the people and shed innocent blood. Too many failed to uphold justice. In 722, Hoshea lost Israel to the Assyrians. In 597, Zedekiah lost Judea and Jerusalem to Babylon.

A public policy research paper on contemporary issues

A contemporary issue is one which is distinctively modern in style, one which is current, ongoing, present or present-day in nature.A policy on the other hand according to the context of contemporary is a program of actions adopted by person, government, the set of principles which govern the program.In the modern times in the USA, when the issue of contemporary matter is talked about, the mind is automatically pointed toward the vices in the society, those actions or habits which are vexing and considered as socially unacceptable by civilized people. Reason, prudence and common sense will highlight these issues which are in fact very rampant and prevalent in the society today.When such a debate is instituted, that is â€Å"public policy on contemporary issues†, several matters must be concurrently held in the mind for an effective and efficient outcome to be obtained.Having answered by definition our key terms, the next question that we should ourselves is the symptoms that a contemporary issue exists  and whether it is anti-societal codes, what  its causes are, the diagnosis available  and the solutions that are les  costly but effective which can be implemented within a short time to tackle the problem.I want to take the issues of drug abuse, drug trafficking and manufacturing. Colombia is an infamous country well known for its cocoa. This plant which is used to produce cocaine has in fact led to a serious drug abuse problem in the society because both the young, the old even children seen to take it as the order of the day.Drugs are the roots of all evils committed in the society, they hamper upright reasoning and instead of the mind taking control of the body, in fact the body takes control. Drugs have many negative effects on users ranging from incurable minor diseases to permanent mental retardation. It is drugs according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation of the Unites States that contribute to major crimes in the USA. The following a re some of those contemporary issues propagated by drugs:Larceny theft Burglary Motor vehicle theft Robbery Forcible rape Murder Kidnappings Domestic violence Organized crimes School drop out ProstitutionE. G. White in her book Christian Health is very sentimental and dispassionate about how many people have indulged in drug abuse as if it is the normal order of things. She says;â€Å"Many Christians have taken the use of drugs as petty, they cannot however go through their daily chores without a dose of these drugs yet they don’t see the seriousness of their problem. They cannot think on their own, that substance has benumbed their senses and they are left as wrecks in this indulgence†.I am going to take this topic more from a Christian perspective since Colombia is Christian state with more than 96% of its population being Roman Catholics.In 1980, the amount of cocaine exported amounted to half the total export of Colombia. See how serious the problem is. The New Yor k Times in its column on the amazing truths reported this as a world wonder. How can an illegal substance such as this be exported to such a magnitude yet there is a government to curb it? The question was where was the government when all this happened?

Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Sample

Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Sample Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Example Anabolic Steroids Medicine Essay Example Nowadays, the question of potential legalization of anabolic steroids is discussed in various scientific circles. Current paper deals with all main aspects of this issue evaluating the arguments for and against legalization. Legal issues, such as the access to free competition and equal rights of all sportsmen, are examined. In general, the critical analysis of various positions demonstrates that anabolic steroids as well as other performance enhancers should not be allowed because all sportsmen have to be in equal initial conditions, and all forms of illegal advantages should be strictly prohibited. Should Performance Enhancers (Anabolic Steroids) Be Allowed in Sports? The utilitarian arguments regarding potential advantages of steroids legalization are examined and their logical flaws are specified. Some broad sociological and economic aspects are present for the complex understanding of the situation, and the paper explains their relation to legal issues. In general, the paper contributes to understanding of sports law as it shows that no conflict between utilitarian arguments and basic individual rights and liberties exists. First of all, it is necessary to briefly outline the current status of performance-enhancing drugs in sports. Nowadays, the use of steroids or other drugs is officially considered immoral. Therefore, it is strictly prohibited by all major sports organizations, including the International Olympic Committee. The supporters of legalization claim that the use of drugs does not affect competition more than modern equipment that also creates advantages for some sportsmen (Atkinson, 2011). However, such comparison is invalid for several reasons: Firstly, the supposed violation of law and rights of others in one area does not make such violations in other spheres moral. Secondly, the use of modern equipment really creates additional advantages for some sportsmen, but it is an example of fair competition because it is allowed by sports regulations and it does not violate the rights of others. At the same time, the use of drugs violates the rights of other sportsmen who follow regulations and thus creates unfair advantages. The relevant aspect in this context is not whether some actions or procedures create potential advantages or not but rather their influence on the rights of other parties involved. The opposite position about prohibiting everything that creates any sort of additional advantages will lead to a contradiction as the whole training process and the essence of sports per se aims at demonstrating higher results than other participants (i.e. demonstrating one’s advantages). Thus, the factors that increase sportsmen’s results should not be prohibited on the basis of such positive impact. However, from this statement does not follow that all types of stimulators are performance enhancers. One of main sports goals is demonstrating the highest achievements of human body and spirit. For example, viewers are interested not in high speed per se but in understanding what speed is attainable for individuals that follow the generally accepted rules. Consequently, the abolition of any restrictions will lead to the absence of sports ideas and its substitution by machines’ competition. Thus, the decision about the potential regulations and prohibitions should be based on the structure of all participants’ rights. As the International Olympic Committee and other similar organizations always explicitly state which drugs are prohibited, it demonstrates the rules for all sportsmen and established the boundaries of fair competition. Another argument of supporters of legalization refers to the empirical fact that performance enhancers have been using throughout history even in Ancient Times. Thus, they claim that as enhancers cannot be completely avoided, they should be legalized. However, this statement contains a logical error, as well. The fact of regulations’ violation does not make such violations desirable. For example, stealing is also observed throughout history, however, it does not make it legal or socially desirable. Although there is a fraction of people willing to obtain unfair advantages, such practices should not be legalized. On the contrary, they may help to differentiate within the whole set of participants and exclude those sportsmen who violate the rights of others. Another possible argument in favor of legalization refers to the fact that doping control is very expensive and these funds may be used more effectively (Atkinson, 2011). However, it seems to be unsupported, as well. It is correct that control efforts (that include not only doping control during competition) lead to additional expenses. Moreover, such funds could be directed to other fields if the problem of unfair competition did not exist. However, it exists and requires additional controlling efforts. Using an analogy, it may be stated that the absence of criminal activities could allow reducing expenses associated with police activities. At the same time, the existence of such expenses under the current conditions does not seem unreasonable. Anti-doping authorities often explain that all sportsmen should have equal opportunities. However, this statement should be correctly interpreted. The main idea is not removing all sources of inequality (as it is impossible even theoretically, as well as it negates the essence of sports competition) but respecting the rights of all participants. In this way, the boundaries of fair competition are identical for all people. It corresponds to the meaning of fair competition. An additional ethical aspect should be clarified. Nowadays, professional sports demonstrate the highest results of the human body without any artificial performance enhancers. Thus, people willing to improve or at least maintain their health may participate in professional sports. However, it will be impossible if anabolic steroids are legalized. As they artificially increase one’s sports results, it will be evident a priori that professional sportsmen will have significant health problems in the future. Therefore, a large number of potential sportsmen will refuse to select this occupation. Moreover, viewers prefer understanding professional sport as a tool of promoting a healthy lifestyle, and the negation of health in the initial instructions will not guarantee the necessary interest within the population. If performance enhancers are allowed, it will almost exclude the majority of developing countries from competition. At the present moment, the countries with high standard of living have some advantages; however, other countries also demonstrate significant results in some sports spheres. If legalization is adapted, the financial factor will become the main one and the global interest to sports will decline as only several the most financially successful countries will compete in all kinds of sports. The International Olympic Committee declares that sport should be promoted all over the world and the realization of this principle may become problematic in case of legalization (Werner Hatton, 2011). Thus, it is evident that there is no contradiction between utilitarian arguments that try to satisfy the interests of all parties involved and the legal perspective. If rights of all sportsmen are protected, the general social satisfaction is maximized, as well. Therefore, it is reasonable to concentrate on expanding the principles of fair competition to all spheres, as well as providing the strict control over the fulfillment of these regulations. It is possible to use random statistical selection for doping control in some minor sports events while during the Olympic Games and various world championships all participants should pass the test procedures. Current system of double-testing seems to be reasonable as it reduces the probability of error to almost zero. As all sportsmen understand that any violations may be immediately detected, they will modify their behavior accordingly and the temptation to use drugs will decrease. Although sports committees cannot determine the specific actions of all sportsmen, they may affect their incentive structures that indirectly influence their actual behavior (Donahue et al., 2007). It seems that the number of regulations should be minimal, but they should be adequately enforced. In particular, sports committees should outline the list of prohibited drugs and make this information available for all interested people. Then, the effective control systems should be introduced and the main attention should be paid to such sports events as the Olympic Games. Sports authorities should not make any value or moral judgments but be entirely concentrated on the legal perspective. All moral conclusions may be formulated by the public and it will lead to higher sports popularity worldwide. Our SamplesThe best way to know how to write good essays is by getting a sample of an essay from competent experts online. We can give you the essay examples you need for future learning. Free Essay Examples are here. The advocates of legalization also claim that under the present conditions all famous sportsmen experience some forms of uncertainty and suspicion from the public. It occurs due to the fact that both viewers and officials want to receive the results of doping tests that will confirm the absence of any prohibited drugs in the blood or body of a given sportsman (Atkinson, 2011). Thus, the advocates of this position suggest that if anabolic steroids are legalized, no additional confirmation is needed, and the winners may receive their fame immediately. However, it is necessary to examine this position in detail: Firstly, the goal of sports committees is not maximizing the psychological satisfaction of the winners at any price but ensuring the proper following of all generally approved requirements. Secondly, it is unclear whether this satisfaction would actually increase as most people prefer winning in fair competition. Thirdly, sports fans usually see sport events as an example of equal opportunities (at least, in the legal sense). Thus, the legalization of steroids may negatively affect their interest and ultimate demand for such events (Ozdemir et al., 2005). As a result, sports competitions may become less prestigious and may generate fewer amounts of money and other privileges (sponsor contracts, advertizing proposals, the overall reputation in society, etc.) for the winners. Taking into account all these considerations, it may be expected that all participants (and especially the future champions) are interested in fair competition and equal standards for all sportsmen. It seems that regulations and sports instructions should not create additional risks and threats for sportsmen. The nature of modern professional sport is such that substantial health risks are present in any case. However, their amount should not be artificially increased. It is evident that legalization of anabolic steroids will make the traditional (without using any drugs) winning of any serious championships absolutely impossible. Nowadays, many sportsmen are examples and role models for young people, but it seems that the situation may change if the public is aware that all champions use steroids. Therefore, the potential legalization may have negative consequences for the US society in general. Theoretically, there is another alternative to the issue under consideration. For example, two leagues may exist. The first one will operate on the traditional basis and anabolic steroids and other performance enhancers will be prohibited. In the second league, the use of drugs will be legal and sportsmen from different leagues will compete only within their leagues. Such proposal is legally coherent as no one is forced to use drugs and is free to choose the optimal alternative from his/her point of view. The viewers’ rights are protected as well because they may choose any league they like and the use of steroids in one of them is known from the very beginning. Although this option is possible from the legal perspective, it is not highly plausible that these two leagues will emerge in the near future. Such separation will not allow economizing substantial financial resources as strict doping control in one of the leagues will be still needed. Moreover, some expenses will even increase as it will be necessary to organize much more events and forums for both leagues. However, the consumer demand for these events is limited and the profitability rates may decrease. As sports fans prefer determining the only champion in each kind of sport (that will be impossible in the new format), it is not likely that this idea will be supported by the public. Various health-oriented organizations may explicitly argue against any sports projects that allow using doping. It may negatively affect the reputation of sports organizations and lead to numerous social conflicts in sport. Thus, under the current state of the consumer demand and public preferences, it is unlikely that the idea of two separate leagues may be realized in the actual practice. The advocates of legalization also suggest that it may help to solve problems of the Hall of Fame voting. Even the smallest doping suspicion of an athlete may not allow him/her being selected. Therefore, some experts propose to legalize drugs to make this process more clear and timely. However, the problem of determining the best representatives of some profession exists not only in sports and it is important to verify all relevant aspects in order to guarantee the correspondence of a given candidate to the existing rules. For example, the works of all scientists are verified in relation to their originality; if any plagiarism issues are found, it leads to serious negative consequences for a given scientist. In fact, he/she cannot expect to receive any significant reward in the future due to his/her reputation as a result of such issues. The similar principles may be observed in sports. Federations and public in general wish to have evidences that a given athlete follows all recommendations and does not violate the rights of other participants. Although such test procedures require time and financial expenses, they are the necessary attribute of any fair competition (Eber, 2009). It seems that the function of the Hall of Fame is to praise the most talented and successful sportsmen rather than facilitating the process of inclusion of potential candidates. The effectiveness of doping control depends on the actual implementation of the main regulations. There are two main options that exist in this context. The first one is large government involvement. The second one is independent regulations of corresponding sports leagues. The supporters of the first initiative suggest that the government may be more efficient in enforcing all relevant rules and even develop new legal obligations for the citizens. However, it seems that the second option may generate much better results for several reasons: Firstly, the government operates on the basis of tax-collected funds. It means that the redistribution of wealth takes place and involuntary actions are observed. The legal and sociological theories show that social systems work more productively if they are organized on a completely voluntary basis. Secondly, independent leagues are better aware of all internal problems and are more responsive to the external challenges. The government may use a large number of experts, but their overall coordination will not be based on the profit-and-loss system and higher bureaucratization may emerge (Showalter, 2007). Thirdly, independent leagues are interested in timely decisions of the existing problems and try to find the most rational decisions from the social and economic point of view. At the same time, government agencies do not have strong incentive structures for searching timely solutions and their decisions are mostly based on the political desirability rather than economic calculation. Thus, it seems that government involvement in this process should be minimized as it negatively affects the realization of basic sports principles. Unfortunately, it is problematic to completely separate sport from politics as during the Olympic Games and other forums sportsmen represent not only them and their team but the country in general. Therefore, some political pressure from national governments is often present. However, it is reasonable to limit government presence in all sports spheres as it negatively affects the implementation of principles of fair competition (Showalter, 2007). Moreover, the prohibition of anabolic drugs may be effectively enforced without the government participation in this process. As these regulations may be introduced by independent leagues, penalties may be different in various kinds of sports. At the same time, it does not constitute serious problems because each kind of sports has its specifics that should be reflected in corresponding rules. The most important thing is the recognition of the illegal nature of anabolic steroids and the understanding of introducing corresponding penalties for those sportsmen who try to receive unfair competitive advantages. It seems that not all sports federations pay the necessary attention to the problem of doping. In particular, soccer and some other team sports federations do not suggest it to be this issue their main responsibility. Although the net effect of doping in team sports seems to be less than in individual ones, the respect to other sportsmen’s rights should be maintained in all sports spheres. Thus, soccer and other sports federations should ensure the fulfillment of all fair competition requirements. It will increase the sports’ popularity among people worldwide and may generate additional revenues for federations. The close analysis of various arguments regarding the potential legalization of anabolic steroids has shown that they are unsupported and have substantial logical errors. All athletes should have equal rights and follow the generally accepted rules that are developed by the corresponding federations. The analogy of anabolic steroids with the modern equipment is incorrect because equipment’s advantages are not based on the violation of other people’s rights. Although doping control is expensive, it is the necessary element of expenses because all sports fans are interested in fair competition. Their demand for sports events is based on the assumption that all participants have equal opportunities. If this assumption is not followed, many viewers will shift their demand to other spheres. The potential legalization of performance enhancers will create serious problems for developing countries and will reduce the overall level of competition. The analysis demonstrates that there is no contradiction between the basic legal rights and utilitarian arguments. Sportsmen may be accepted to the Hall of Fame only when their doping tests are thoroughly evaluated and it is correct as only those athletes who follow all regulations may receive the chance of being selected. It is determined that the control over the fulfillment of anti-doping requirements should be delegated to independent leagues rather than national governments. Sports leagues are better aware of the local situation and are highly motivated in finding the most timely and efficient solution. Some differences among various sports federations may exist, but all of them should share the basic principles of doping control and penalties. It is especially relevant for soccer and other team sports federations. In any case, the use of anabolic steroids and other performance enhancers should not be allowed in sport.

Research on medical ethics Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

On medical ethics - Research Paper Example The present usage of best-practice anti-malaria drugs, optimal forms of pilot training in high-G environments, and some forms of optimal fitness training for the soldiers are also examples of the end results of military medical research. Ethics has always been an integral component of every walk of life. The profession of arms, like any profession, lays down codes of conduct for medical too that bind members of a ship, a regiment, or a squadron, or an entire service or nation. Many tenets of military medical ethics at the national or international level are understood as the Laws of War, most formally codified in the Geneva Conventions. (Pearn, 2005, 10) By contrast, at the individual level, issues of medical ethical import are a recent phenomenon. (Day, 2005, 349) Military dictates of discipline, control by line of command, and the subservience of any individual rights for the greater aim-all are themes that, at least in the historical context, have made medical ethics questions irrelevant. The core doctrines on which the discipline of medical ethics is built beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice often represent the antithesis of what service members are required to do. (Gillon, 2004, 186) Historically, a parallel system of loyalty, respect, courtesy, and chivalry has evolved to form an alternative modus operandi that binds those who command to those who obey. According to Pearn (2006) since the Second World War, and specifically since the Nuremberg Trials of 1945 and 1946, the medical ethics responsibilities, indeed some medical ethics rights, of service members have been specified. The International Military Tribunal was established by the London Agreement of August 8, 1945. Representatives from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union (and with the provisional membership of France) formed the Tribunal. Subsequently, 19 other nations accepted the provisions of its

Various Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Various - Coursework Example The founder of Keep a Child Alive Organization, Leigh Blake was inspired to initiate the organization in 2003 after a life changing encounter at an AIDS Research and Family Care Clinic, an institution which she funds, located in Mombasa, a coastal town in Kenya. A single mother named Anne brought her three-year-old son for medicinal care, and she refused to leave the institution until she got â€Å"drugs that you have in the States for your children.† Blake, who had been previously involved in several AIDS campaigns through her musical career background and film career, agreed to pay for the drugs that Anne’s son needed. By so doing this, the Keep a Child Alive idea was cultivated (KCA, 2014). The medications that Anne’s son needed were valued at 12000 dollars a year from New York University AIDS Research Department. It did not take long before word of Blake’s work inspired other artists, film stars, and even medical practitioners. Peter Edge became the fi rst donor and soon after music sensation; Alicia Keys joined the foundation as the Keep a Child Alive Organization (KCA) global Ambassador. In 2003, KCA- Keep a Child Alive foundation was founded officially. The Kenyan clinic that marked Blake`s turning point became a model facility to inspire other facilities in the African continent and the developing third world countries. Keep a Child Alive Foundation focuses on bringing attention of the great AIDS epidemic that threatens and shreds the population of sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of third world developing countries. Keep a Child Alive Foundation`s efforts focus primarily on sub-Saharan Africa since it is the most affected region in the world. The sub-Saharan region of Africa host`s sixty-four percent of all HIV-infected persons. The foundation facilitates access to ARV - Anti-Retroviral Virus- medicines, a wide series of support services which